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Objective:To explore the clinical application of magnetic foreign body extractor in metal foreign body of upper digestive tract children.Methods:The clinical data of 115 children with metallic foreign bodies in the upper digestive tract who were admitted to the Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, from January 2017 to September 2022, were selected as subjects.All the metallic foreign bodies were removed by a self-made metallic foreign body extractor in the department.The clinical characteristics of the metallic foreign bodies in the upper digestive tract were comprehensively analyzed by using descriptive analysis methods, summarize the age, gender, metallic foreign body type, number of the metallic foreign bodies, incarcerated location, retention time, clinical symptoms and complications.Results:A total of 115 children with metallic foreign bodies in the upper digestive tract were included in the analysis, involving 51 males and 64 females, with a mean age of (3.63±2.28) years.The majority was children aged 0-3 years (68/115, 59.1%). Coins (86 cases, 74.8%) were the major foreign bodies in metal foreign body of upper digestive tract, followed by button batteries (11 cases, 9.6%), magnetic balls (8 cases, 7.0%), and others (10 cases, 8.6%). The main clinical symptoms were nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, chest pain, and foreign body sensation, and button battery ingestion and magnetic balls were easy to produce complications.The primary retention sites of metallic foreign bodies were the gastric fundus (75 cases, 65.2%), followed by upper esophageal segment (38 cases, 33.0%) and lower esophageal segment(2 cases, 1.7%).Conclusions:In children′s metal foreign body of upper digestive tract, coins are the most common foreign bodies that are easily retained in the stomach fundus.Button batteries are prone to cause severe complications and should be removed timely.The self-made metallic foreign body extractor in our department can remove coins, batteries, magnetic balls, nails, chains, party emblems and other metallic foreign bodies.It can shorten the operation time, improve the removal efficiency, and featured by active search, strong adsorption, no mucosal damage and removal with the endoscope, which can be widely used in the clinical treatment of metallic foreign bodies.
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Objective To compare the detection results of three kinds of automated nucleic acid purifiers, and to evaluate the detection performance of the domestic 2019-nCoV RNA purifier. Methods Three automated nucleic acid purifiers, namely A (imported), B (domestic), and C (domestic) automated nucleic acid extraction instruments, were used to purify nucleic acid. The Conchestan 2019-nCoV RNA (Liquid) quality control product S5 (batch number 202007002, reference level 1000cp/ml) was chosen as the experimental object. The quality control product was diluted in a series of 10 to 1000 times to prepare experimental samples of different concentrations. Among them, the A nucleic acid purifier used its own matching reagents, and the B and C purifiers belonged to a same manufacturer with different models and used their own supporting reagents as well as third-party reagents, to evaluate the anti-pollution ability, precision, accuracy, repeatability, detection limit and linear correlation. Results Using the imported brand A as a reference standard for comparison, when using reagents from B, the linear correlation between the two domestic nucleic acid purifiers and the imported equipment were 0.999, 0.915 (N-terminal), and 0.997, 0.825 (ORF1ab-terminal), respectively; when using the third-patty reagents, the linear correlation between the two domestic nucleic acid purifiers and the imported equipment were 0.999, 0.915 (N-terminal) and 0.997, 0.825 (ORF1ab-terminal), respectively. Conclusion The extraction of 2019-NCOV RNA by domestic nucleic acid purifiers can be fully automated with good correlation. The system performance is comparable to international standards. Moreover, the extraction time of the domestic nucleic acid purifiers is shorter than the imported one, which offers obvious advantages when the number of samples is large.
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Objective To explore the application value of automatic nucleic acid extractor combined with vacuum concentrator in forensic DNA extraction. Methods Gradient samples of human peripheral venous blood were collected at 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280 and 320 fold dilution. The samples of each gradient were treated with no inhibitor, black oil, rust, fruit acid, tin foil and indigo, respectively. The automatic nucleic acid extractor was used for DNA purification and extraction of the above samples. The extracted DNA eluent （6 μL） was taken for amplification directly, and the rest was concentrated by vacuum concentrator. DNA was amplified and examined using the Investigator 26plex QS kit before and after concentration. Results Only gradient samples treated with fruit acid obtained complete STR typing results at 40 fold dilution. The other 5 methods obtained complete STR typing results at 40-160 fold dilution. The results of STR typing after DNA concentration showed that the average peak height and detection rates of gene loci both increased to a certain extent, but the effect was not obvious. Conclusion The automatic nucleic acid extractor has an efficient inhibitor removal ability and high extracting efficiency of DNA. The vacuum concentrator can concentrate DNA samples to a certain extent. Combining the automatic nucleic acid extractor with the vacuum concentrator can improve the examination success rate of forensic materials.
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Humans , DNA/genetics , DNA Fingerprinting , Microsatellite Repeats , Nucleic Acids , VacuumABSTRACT
RESUMEN El maracuyá es un fruto tropical que se cultiva primordialmente para la obtención de pulpa, siendo la corteza su principal subproducto que carece, en la actualidad, de interés industrial; sin embargo, con el fin de diversificar los derivados provenientes de la producción de maracuyá, se ha demostrado que la corteza contiene carotenoides, dentro de los que se destaca el β-caroteno y la luteína, que podrían ser utilizados en alimentos, debido a su poder antioxidante e, incluso, como colorante natural alternativo. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue obtener un extracto rico en carotenoides a partir de su corteza; para ello, se evaluó la extracción con etanol, mediante tres técnicas: inmersión, baño termostático y soxhlet. El mayor rendimiento, se obtuvo con el método soxhlet; para esta técnica, se estudió el efecto de la concentración de etanol (entre 80% y 90% v/v), la proporción solvente-materia prima (con relaciones entre 40:1 y 50:1) y el tiempo (definido entre 90 y 150 minutos). Los resultados, se analizaron mediante modelo de superficie de respuesta, obteniendo el mayor rendimiento con etanol al 90%, utilizando 50mL/g corteza y 150 minutos de operación. A estas condiciones, el rendimiento de extracción fue de 2208,53µg β-caroteno/100g muestra. Por último, se determinó la diferencia de color entre el extracto óptimo y una solución de tartrazina, evidenciando una diferencia de color de 3,07 unidades cieLAB, lo cual, muestra que el producto de lixiviación de la corteza de maracuyá tiene potencial para su uso como aditivo alimentario, reemplazando colorantes sintéticos, como la tartrazina.
ABSTRACT Passion fruit is a tropical fruit that is usually cultivated to obtain pulp, being the cortex its main not exploited by-product, because of the actual absence of industrial interest. However, with the aim of diversifying the derivates from the production of passion fruit products, it has been demonstrated that the cortex contains carotenoids, such as β-carotene and lutein; which could be used in food due to its antioxidant capacity, or even like a food colorant. Therefore, the objective of this work was to obtain a carotenoid-rich extract from its cortex; for this, three techniques of extraction with ethanol were evaluated, by immersion, thermostatic bath and Soxhlet. Being the last technique that one with which the best yield was obtained. With the highest yield technique, the following factors were evaluated: ethanol concentration on 80% and 90% v/v, solvent-raw material ratio on 40:1 and 50:1 and time on 90 and 150min. The best yield was obtaining to 90% ethanol, 50mL solvent/g raw material and 150min, for an extraction yield of 2208.53µg β-caroten/100 g sample. Finally, the color difference between the optimal extract and a tartrazine solution was determined, evidencing a color difference of 3.07cieLAB units; this shows that the passion fruit leaching product has the potential to be used as a food additive, replacing synthetic dyes such as tartrazine.
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Aims: To establish the most suitable extraction method for sweet lupine seeds and to determine minerals, phenolic content, flavonoids, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activities. Study Design: Known and standard experimental procedures are employed. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemistry, Bethlehem University- Palestine, from January 2019 to March 2019. Methodology: Seeds were ground and extracted by Soxhlet extractor using ethanol with different percentages (50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 95%). Sodium, potassium and ferrous ion content were determined. Resistance to bacteria was performed against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, while antioxidant activity was determined by FRAP method. Two types of flavonoids were measured: Flavonones and dihydroflavonols via the reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Phenolics were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Results: 50% ethanol resulted in the highest extract residue (18.6%) while 70% and 60% showed the lowest content (10.0% for both). 80% ethanol extracted sample showed the highest content for sodium (56.51 mg Na/g extract), while 60% and 50% ethanol extracts showed the highest content of potassium (2.25 and 2.33 mg K/g extract, respectively). The maximum concentration of ferrous ion was obtained with 70% ethanol (6.854 mg Fe+2/g extract). 95% ethanolic extract showed the highest antioxidant activity (20.24 mg FeSO4/g extract). Similar results were obtained for total phenolic content and flavonoids: 24.60 mg gallic acid/g extract for phenolics and 116.02 mg rutin/g extract for flavonoids. Extracts showed no bacterial activity against both types of bacteria used. Conclusion: 95% ethanol extracted samples showed the highest antioxidant activity and the highest flavonoids and phenolic content. Sweet lupine extract did not perform any antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.
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There are some problems such as difficulty of pressure control, inconvenience of use and carry, congested easily and dredged hardly in clinical application of vacuum extractor in common use. For solving the above problems, researchers have designed a new portable and pressure stabilized abdominal drainage system which was composed of integral double spherical aspirator and separated double cannula. The new apparatus has achieved good effects in drainage which is suitable for not only rescuing of abdominal trauma and war wound, but also abdominal surgery that manifested as sucking safe and effective, using easily and convenient, that was verified by testing.
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Objective: To explore the optimal extraction process by a blitzkrieg extractor and the adsorption separation by macro-porous resin for chlorogenic acid in Lonicera macranthoides. Methods: The transfer rate of chlorogenic acid was used as the main as-sessment index, the response surface test was adopted to optimize the main influencing factors in the extraction process by a blitzkrieg extractor for chlorogenic acid in Lonicera macranthoides. The transfer rate and the product purity of chlorogenic acid were used as the main assessment indices, the water extract solution of Lonicera macranthoides was used as the raw material, single factor test was adopt-ed to optimize the main influencing factors in the adsorption separation process by a macroporous resin for chlorogenic acid in Lonicera macranthoides. Results: The optimum conditions of the extraction process by a blitzkrieg extractor and the adsorption separation by a macroporous resin for chlorogenic acid in Lonicera macranthoides were as follows: the solid-liquid ratio was 1 : 23, the extraction time was 4. 7 min, the rotating speed was 6 000 r·min-1, the type of macroporous resin was ADS-7, the amount ratio of medicinal materi-als to macroporous resin was 1: 5, the flow rate of sample solution was 1 BV·h-1, the macroporous resin column was eluted by 1 BV water at the speed of 1 BV·h-1followed by 6 BV 20% ethanol solution at the speed of 2 BV·h-1, and the eluent of 20% ethanol so-lution was collected. The average transfer rate of chlorogenic acid was 90. 12% (RSD=1. 33% ) with the purity of 50. 30% (RSD=2. 19% ). Conclusion: A new route of the extraction process by a blitzkrieg extractor and the adsorption separation by a macroporous resin for chlorogenic acid in Lonicera macranthoides has established through the optimization and verification experiments. The process with high transfer rate of chlorogenic acid (the purity of chlorogenic acid product was over 50% ) is fast, and the solvent is healthy and easy to recycle.
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Objective To develop and verify a method for determination of residual host cell DNA in recombinant human interferon α2b substances, which is used for the quality control of the product.Methods The residual host cell DNA was extracted by wako DNA extractor kit and determined by SYBRGreen based q-PCR using standard DNA as control.The residual host cell DNA was analyzed according to the standard curve.The developed method was verified by primer specifity, results accuracy and precision and used for determination of 3 batches of interferon substances. Results The minimum quantitative limit of residual host cell DNA by the developed method was 12 fg/μL, while the linear range was 12 fg/μL-120 ng/μL, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.998.The designed primers were specific to the DNA templates.The recovery rates of spiked samples with different DNA quantity were between 50%-200%.The residual host cell DNA determined by this method were not more than the limit, which were complied with the requirements for residual host cell DNA in Chinese Pharmacopeia ( volume III,2010 edition and 2015 edition) .Conclusion The wako DNA extractor kit could successfully solved the technical difficulties of sample pretreatment during residual DNA assay.The q-PCR method was simple, rapid and accurate for quantitation of residual host cell DNA in interferon substances.
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Objective: To analyze and identify the chemical compositions of different organic plants crude extracts of Mentha piperita (M. piperita) grown in Sultanate of Oman by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Methods: The powder sample was extracted with methanol by using Soxhlet extractor. Methanol crude extracts of M. piperita and its derived fractions of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol were prepared.Results:MS showed that majority of these compounds are bioactive.Conclusions:According to the results of the present study, the plant crude extracts could be Qualitative analyses of various organic plant crude extracts of M. piperita by using GC-used as medicine for the treatment of different diseases. The analysis and identification of the chemical compounds in the plant crude extracts by using GC-MS was the first time.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze and identify the chemical compositions of different organic plants crude extracts of Mentha piperita (M. piperita) grown in Sultanate of Oman by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The powder sample was extracted with methanol by using Soxhlet extractor. Methanol crude extracts of M. piperita and its derived fractions of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol were prepared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Qualitative analyses of various organic plant crude extracts of M. piperita by using GC-MS showed that majority of these compounds are bioactive.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>According to the results of the present study, the plant crude extracts could be used as medicine for the treatment of different diseases. The analysis and identification of the chemical compounds in the plant crude extracts by using GC-MS was the first time.</p>
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This study was performed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of aerial parts of chloroform extract of Cassia auriculata L. The chloroform extract of C. auriculata were shown to possess an antimicrobial activity against two gram positive and two gram negative human pathogenic bacteria and fungi, viz. Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and fungus cultures Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger by using disc diffusion method. The extract showed antibacterial activity at all concentrations selected, but only the extract with the concentration of 300μg/ml showed maximum antibacterial activity against all the organisms except Pseudomonas aeruginosa which are comparable with the standard control, amikacin. The anti fungal activity of chloroform extract of C. auriculata revealed significant effect against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger with the net inhibition zone of 14 and 14 mm, respectively at 300μg/ml concentration, which is almost comparable with standard control, ketokonazole used as an antifungal agent. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, fixed oils, fats, tannins, gum & mucilage, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, lignin and sterols. It is concluded that the antimicrobial activity showed by the plant was due to the presence of these phytochemicals. Further studies are highly needed for future drug development.
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Objective: To isolate and analyse the chemical composition in the essential oils and free radical scavenging activity of different crude extracts from the fresh and dry leaves of vegetable plants of Lactuca sativa L. (L. sativa). Methods: The essential oils and volatile chemical constituents were isolated from the fresh and dry leaves of L. sativa (lettuce) grown in Sultanate of Oman by hydro distillation method. The antioxidant activity of the crude extracts was carried out by well established free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) method. Results: About 20 chemical compounds of different concentration representing 83.07% and 79.88% respectively were isolated and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy in the essential oils isolated from the fresh and dry leaves as α-pinene (5.11% and 4.05%), γ-cymene (2.07% and 1.92%), thymol (11.55%and 10.73%), durenol (52.00% and 49.79%), α-terpinene (1.66% and 1.34%), thymol acetate (0.99%and 0.67%), caryophyllene (2.11% and 1.98%), spathulenol (3.09% and 2.98%), camphene (4.11% and 3.65%), limonene (1.28% and 1.11%) representing these major chemical compounds. However, some other minor chemical constituents were also isolated and identified from the essential oil of lettuce including β-pinene, α-terpinolene, linalool, 4-terpineol, α-terpineol, o-methylthymol, L-alloaromadendrene and viridiflorene. Conclusions: The chemical constituents in the essential oils from the locally grown lettuce were identified in the following classes or groups of chemical compounds such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes volatile organic compounds and their oxygenated hydrocarbons. Therefore, the essential oils and the crude extracts from Omani vegetable species of lettuce are active candidates which would be used as antioxidant, antifungal or antimicrobial agents in new drugs preparation for therapy of infectious diseases.
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Objective: To prepare various crude extracts using different polarities of solvent and to quantitatively evaluate their total phenol, flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of Thymus vulgaris collected from Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman. Methods:The leave sample was extracted with methanol and evaporated. Then it was defatted with water and extracted with different polarities organic solvents with increasing polarities. The prepare hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and methanol crude extracts were used for their evaluation of total phenol, flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening study. The established conventional methods were used for quantitative determination of total phenol, flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening. Results: Phytochemical screening for various crude extracts were tested and shown positive result for flavonoids, saponins and steroids compounds. The result for total phenol content was the highest in butanol and the lowest in methanol crude extract whereas the total flavonoids contents was the highest in methanol and the lowest hexane crude extract. Conclusions:The crude extracts from locally grown Thymus vulgaris showed high concentration of flavonoids and it could be used as antibiotics for different curable and uncurable diseases.
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Objective: To isolate and analyze the chemical composition in different crude extracts of from the leaves of locally grown of Thymus vulgaris L (T. vulgaris) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Methods: The shade dried leaves powder was extracted with methanol by using Soxhlet extractor. Methanol crude extracts of T. vulgaris and the derived fractions of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol were obtained. Results: Qualitative analyses of various organic crude extracts of T. vulgaris by using GC-MS showed that there were different types of high and low molecular weight compounds. Most of the isolated and identified compounds by GC-MS in the crude extracts are basically biologically important. Further, the T. vulgaris leaf possessed certain characteristics that can be ascribed to cultivation on a domestic plantation. The crude extracts were prepared from the powder leaves of T. vulgaris for respective compounds can be chosen on the basis of above GC-MS analysis. Conclusions: All the major compounds were identified and characterized by spectroscopic method in different organic crude extracts of T. vulgaris are biologically active molecules. Thus the identification of a good number of compounds in various crude extracts of T. vulgaris might have some ecological role.
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This study was performed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of aerial parts of chloroform extract of Cassia auriculata L. The chloroform extract of C. auriculata were shown to possess an antimicrobial activity against two gram positive and two gram negative human pathogenic bacteria and fungi, viz. Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and fungus cultures Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger by using disc diffusion method. The extract showed antibacterial activity at all concentrations selected, but only the extract with the concentration of 300μg/ml showed maximum antibacterial activity against all the organisms except Pseudomonas aeruginosa which are comparable with the standard control, amikacin. The anti fungal activity of chloroform extract of C. auriculata revealed significant effect against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger with the net inhibition zone of 14 and 14 mm, respectively at 300μg/ml concentration, which is almost comparable with standard control, ketokonazole used as an antifungal agent. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, fixed oils, fats, tannins, gum & mucilage, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, lignin and sterols. It is concluded that the antimicrobial activity showed by the plant was due to the presence of these phytochemicals. Further studies are highly needed for future drug development.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To isolate and analyze the chemical composition in different crude extracts of from the leaves of locally grown of Thymus vulgaris L (T. vulgaris) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The shade dried leaves powder was extracted with methanol by using Soxhlet extractor. Methanol crude extracts of T. vulgaris and the derived fractions of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol were obtained.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Qualitative analyses of various organic crude extracts of T. vulgaris by using GC-MS showed that there were different types of high and low molecular weight compounds. Most of the isolated and identified compounds by GC-MS in the crude extracts are basically biologically important. Further, the T. vulgaris leaf possessed certain characteristics that can be ascribed to cultivation on a domestic plantation. The crude extracts were prepared from the powder leaves of T. vulgaris for respective compounds can be chosen on the basis of above GC-MS analysis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>All the major compounds were identified and characterized by spectroscopic method in different organic crude extracts of T. vulgaris are biologically active molecules. Thus the identification of a good number of compounds in various crude extracts of T. vulgaris might have some ecological role.</p>
Subject(s)
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Oman , Plant Extracts , Chemistry , Plant Leaves , Chemistry , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Thymus Plant , ChemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To isolate and analyse the chemical composition in the essential oils and free radical scavenging activity of different crude extracts from the fresh and dry leaves of vegetable plants of Lactuca sativa L. (L. sativa).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The essential oils and volatile chemical constituents were isolated from the fresh and dry leaves of L. sativa (lettuce) grown in Sultanate of Oman by hydro distillation method. The antioxidant activity of the crude extracts was carried out by well established free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>About 20 chemical compounds of different concentration representing 83.07% and 79.88% respectively were isolated and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy in the essential oils isolated from the fresh and dry leaves as α-pinene (5.11% and 4.05%), γ-cymene (2.07% and 1.92%), thymol (11.55% and 10.73%), durenol (52.00% and 49.79%), α-terpinene (1.66% and 1.34%), thymol acetate (0.99% and 0.67%), caryophyllene (2.11% and 1.98%), spathulenol (3.09% and 2.98%), camphene (4.11% and 3.65%), limonene (1.28% and 1.11%) representing these major chemical compounds. However, some other minor chemical constituents were also isolated and identified from the essential oil of lettuce including β-pinene, α-terpinolene, linalool, 4-terpineol, α-terpineol, o-methylthymol, L-alloaromadendrene and viridiflorene.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The chemical constituents in the essential oils from the locally grown lettuce were identified in the following classes or groups of chemical compounds such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes volatile organic compounds and their oxygenated hydrocarbons. Therefore, the essential oils and the crude extracts from Omani vegetable species of lettuce are active candidates which would be used as antioxidant, antifungal or antimicrobial agents in new drugs preparation for therapy of infectious diseases.</p>
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Humans , Antioxidants , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Free Radical Scavengers , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Lettuce , Chemistry , Oils, Volatile , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Plant Extracts , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Plant Leaves , ChemistryABSTRACT
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Humans , Organic Chemicals , Peripheral Nerve Injuries , Peripheral Nerves , Regeneration , Sural Nerve , Tendons , Tissue Donors , Transplants , Trigeminal NerveABSTRACT
Background: It is a well-established obstetric practice to use a vacuum device to assist in delivery of the fetal head at cesarean delivery. As a vacuum sauce, the hospital piped-vacuum supply is often used. However, no study has compared the safety and efficacy of vacuum-assisted delivery with the traditional manual extraction. Objective: Compare the safety and efficacy of delivery of the high floating fetal head using a soft cup vacuum extractor with the traditional manual extraction. Methods: This randomized study included 90 cases of caesarean sections with vacuum-assisted delivery using the soft cup vacuum extractor (V group) and 90 cases of caesarean sections with manual extraction of the head (M group). The hospital piped-vacuum supply was used to develop the required vacuum. Operative and postoperative maternal and neonatal data of importance were analyzed using Student t-test for continuous variables and Chi Square test for categorical variables. Results: The U-D interval (the time of entry into the uterus until the full delivery of the fetal head) was significantly prolonged (p<0.001) in M group (86.3±53.9 and 65.3±31.2 seconds, respectively). Mean blood loss in the V group was higher (576.7±182.9 mL and 504.4±204.9 mL, respectively). However, this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.306). There was no difference in the Apgar scores and resuscitation in the newborns of the two groups. Infants did not show evidence of any scalp remarks. Conclusion: The extraction of the fetal head at caesarean section with vacuum extractor was a non-traumatic and rapid method that did not need the prolonged fundal compression and thus avoid unwanted consequences.
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The Energetic Equivalence Rule (EER) states that species tend to consume energy independent of their body size. Here, the EER was tested for litter ants using body size and abundance data. Rainforest ants were obtained using pitfall traps and Winkler extractor. The abundance data from the Winkler extractions confirmed the EER, while the pitfall traps rejected it. Combination of abundance from pitfall catches and Winkler extractions either confirmed or rejected the EER. Further studies should focus on the interaction between sampling techniques and habitat types in the test of EER for ant communities.
A regra de equivalência energética (REE) propõe que o uso de energia independe do tamanho corporal da espécie. O tamanho e a abundância de formigas da serapilheira, coletadas em floresta ombrófila usando armadilhas pitfall e extrator de Winkler, foram usados no teste da REE. Os dados de abundância obtidos da extração de Winkler confirmaram a REE, enquanto os dados provenientes das armadilhas pitfall rejeitaram. A combinação das abundâncias estimadas pelas duas técnicas tanto aceitou quanto rejeitou a REE. Estudos posteriores deveriam focar a interação entre a técnica de coleta e o tipo de habitat no teste da REE para comunidades de formigas.